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Grammar

Terms Glossary
Cases (Przypadki)
Tenses (Czasy)
Verbs (Czasowniki)
Nouns (Rzeczowniki)
Adjectives (Przymiotniki)
Pronouns (Zaimki)
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  1. Home
  2. Grammar
  3. Cases (Przypadki)
  4. Vocative Case (Wołacz)
  5. Nouns Declension
  6. Masculine Singular

Vocative Case (Wołacz) - Masculine Singular Nouns

Masculine singular nouns in Vocative Case take the following endings:
Endings-'e-u
The ' symbol indicates that this ending requires softening of the stem. For more information see the article on softening .
Some nouns may have irregularities in their stem when adding an ending.
Orthography rule

The -'e ending usage

Use the -'e ending for nouns whose stems end with a hard consonant, except k, g and ch/h. To apply this ending firstly soften the hard consonant and then add the ending.
List of hard and soft consonants
How to soften the stem?
Examples
Masculine Singular Nominative CaseMasculine Singular Vocative CaseEnglish
domdomiea house
PanPanieMister
telefontelefoniea phone
piespsiea dog
lewlwiea lion
samochódsamochodziea car
stółstolea table
laslesie *a forest

The -u ending usage

Use the -u ending for nouns whose stems end with a soft consonant or k, g or ch/h.
List of hard and soft consonants
Examples
Masculine Singular Nominative CaseMasculine Singular Vocative CaseEnglish
MarekMarkuMark
ogrodnikogrodnikua gardener
pracownikpracownikua worker
słońsłoniuan elephant
strachstrachufear
budynekbudynkua building
mążmężua husband
pieńpniua tree trunk
bóg
boże
* this word is an exception
a god
Jarek Hajduk

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Cases - Noun Declension

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Vocative Case (Wołacz) - Nouns Endings

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Vocative Case (Wołacz) - Feminine Singular Nouns