Noun Declension - Softening

When you decline a noun you must take its stem and attach different endings to it. Some endings require stem softening. The stem must end with a hard consonant in order to be softened. To soften a stem, replace the hard consonant with its corresponding soft consonant. The table below presents all the hard and soft consonants.

The table below presents softening examples for each hard consonant:

There are several endings that require softening. You can see which ones in the article with summary of endings .

There are also exceptional nouns that have extra softening during declension. For example  żółw(turtle) ,  marchew(carrot) and  gołąb(pigeon) have additional softening every time an ending is added to their stem.

If an ending requires softening, then it is marked with the symbol on my website, for example . When I'm explaning declination of a noun step by step, then the softening is marked like this: .

Below you can see several examples of declension with softening. Some of these nouns have common irregularities .