Verbs (Czasowniki)

Noun Declension - Softening

Some endings during declension require stem softening. To soften the stem, replace its last consonant with the corresponding soft consonant.

Examples

hard consonant	soft consonant	softening example
p	pi	ropa - ropie
b	bi	ząb - zębie
f	fi	rafa - rafie
w	wi	paw - pawie
m	mi	mama - mamie
t	ć/ci	tata - tacie
d	dź/dzi	sad - sadzie
s	ś/si	nos - nosie
z	ź/zi	prognoza - prognozie
n	ń/ni	kolano - kolanie
ł	l	stół - stole
r	rz	jezioro - jeziorze
k	c	łyżka - łyżce
g	dz	noga - nodze
ch	sz	pacha - pasze
st	ść	test - teście
zd	źdź	pojazd - pojeździe
sł	śl	umysł - umyśle
zł	źl	węzeł - węźle
sn	śń/śni	wiosna - wiośnie
zn	źń/źni	mężczyzna - mężczyźnie

Hard and Soft Consonants

The table below presents all the hard and soft consonants.

hard consonants

sł

zł

soft consonants

ć / ci

dź / dzi

ś / si

ź / zi

ń / ni

ść / ści

źdź / ździ

śl

źl

śń / śni

źń / źni

Endings That Require Softening

The table below presents all the places where softening must be applied.

Occurrence of Softening During Declension
	Singular Number			Plural Number
Case	Masculine Gender	Feminine Gender	Neuter Gender	Masculine Gender	Feminine Gender	Neuter Gender
Nominative Case				before `-y/i` ending, if the noun is a personal noun and its stem ends with a hard consonant
Genitive Case
Dative Case		before `-e` ending, if the noun's stem ends with a hard consonant + a
Accusative Case
Instrumental Case
Locative Case	before `-e` ending, if the noun's stem ends with a hard consonant, except k, g, and ch/h	before `-e` ending, if the noun's stem ends with a hard consonant + a	before `-e` ending, if the noun's stem ends with a hard consonant, except k, g, and ch/h
Vocative Case	before `-e` ending, if the noun's stem ends with a hard consonant, except k, g, and ch/h

Hi, I'm Jarek

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Cases - Noun Declension

You can support my website and my Youtube Channel by buying my grammar book on Amazon. In that book I have clearly explained, how to create different forms of noun depending on the case, number, and gender.

After reading this book you will be able to decline any noun in the Polish language. This book also contains exercises with answers, which will help you practice what you learn.

Paperback

E-book

Noun Declension - Common Irregularities

Noun Declension - y/i ending

Noun Declension - Softening

Some endings during declension require stem softening. To soften the stem, replace its last consonant with the corresponding soft consonant.

Examples

hard consonant	soft consonant	softening example
p	pi	ropa - ropie
b	bi	ząb - zębie
f	fi	rafa - rafie
w	wi	paw - pawie
m	mi	mama - mamie
t	ć/ci	tata - tacie
d	dź/dzi	sad - sadzie
s	ś/si	nos - nosie
z	ź/zi	prognoza - prognozie
n	ń/ni	kolano - kolanie
ł	l	stół - stole
r	rz	jezioro - jeziorze
k	c	łyżka - łyżce
g	dz	noga - nodze
ch	sz	pacha - pasze
st	ść	test - teście
zd	źdź	pojazd - pojeździe
sł	śl	umysł - umyśle
zł	źl	węzeł - węźle
sn	śń/śni	wiosna - wiośnie
zn	źń/źni	mężczyzna - mężczyźnie

Hard and Soft Consonants

The table below presents all the hard and soft consonants.

hard consonants

sł

zł

soft consonants

ć / ci

dź / dzi

ś / si

ź / zi

ń / ni

ść / ści

źdź / ździ

śl

źl

śń / śni

źń / źni

Endings That Require Softening

The table below presents all the places where softening must be applied.

Occurrence of Softening During Declension
	Singular Number			Plural Number
Case	Masculine Gender	Feminine Gender	Neuter Gender	Masculine Gender	Feminine Gender	Neuter Gender
Nominative Case				before `-y/i` ending, if the noun is a personal noun and its stem ends with a hard consonant
Genitive Case
Dative Case		before `-e` ending, if the noun's stem ends with a hard consonant + a
Accusative Case
Instrumental Case
Locative Case	before `-e` ending, if the noun's stem ends with a hard consonant, except k, g, and ch/h	before `-e` ending, if the noun's stem ends with a hard consonant + a	before `-e` ending, if the noun's stem ends with a hard consonant, except k, g, and ch/h
Vocative Case	before `-e` ending, if the noun's stem ends with a hard consonant, except k, g, and ch/h

Hi, I'm Jarek

Drop me a message

Donate

Cases - Noun Declension

After reading this book you will be able to decline any noun in the Polish language. This book also contains exercises with answers, which will help you practice what you learn.

Paperback

E-book

Noun Declension - Common Irregularities

Noun Declension - y/i ending

Grammar

Grammar

Noun Declension - Softening

Hard and Soft Consonants

Endings That Require Softening

Hi, I'm Jarek

Cases - Noun Declension

Noun Declension - Softening

Hard and Soft Consonants

Endings That Require Softening

Hi, I'm Jarek

Cases - Noun Declension