The Present Tense in Polish consists of four classes of endings:
Students must memorize which group of endings to use with a given verb. For information on how to use these endings, see
the next article .
The verb
All verbs in Polish end with -ść, -ć, or -c:
Examples
Note that these endings are not exclusive to verbs. Other words also end with these endings.
Most verbs in the Polish language come in aspect pairs:
- Imperfective verbs - describe continuous, ongoing activity.
- Perfective verbs - describe completed activity.
Examples
In Present Tense, only imperfective verbs are used. Perfective verbs are reserved for Future Tense.
Structure of affirmative sentences in Present Tense
To build an affirmative sentence in Polish, first place the verb in the correct, conjugated form, then add the rest of the sentence.
Czytam książkę.– I’m reading a book.
Unlike English, in Polish, the personal pronoun (I, You, He...) is not required at the beginning of the sentence. The subject of the sentence is deduced from the verb ending:
Example
Czytam książkę.– I'm reading a book.
Czytasz książkę.– You'resg reading a book.
If the person or object is not obvious to the listener, the subject is placed at the beginning of the sentence, as in English.
Example
Ania idzie do sklepu.
Ania goes to a store.
If the next sentence refers to the same subject, the subject should not be repeated. Using the subject in the second sentence will sound unnatural to Polish speakers.
Ania idzie do sklepu. Chce kupić chleb.
Ania goes to a store. She wants to buy some bread.
To describe how, where, or when an activity is performed, adverbs are used. In Polish, adverbs usually precede the verb.
Example
Ania bardzo szybko czyta.
Ania is reading really fast.
The table below displays examples of other Present Tense sentences.
Examples
Continuity – Present Simple vs. Present Continuous (-ing)
The English language allows expression of present activity using Present Simple or Present Continuous tenses depending on the intended meaning. In Polish, there is no such distinction. The same verb form is used for both cases.
Example
Dużo pływam.– I swim a lot.
Pływam w basenie.– I’m swimming in a pool.
się – reflexive verbs
As in English, Polish has reflexive verbs. In English, they are expressed by reflexive pronouns (such as myself or himself), and their form depends on the subject of the sentence. Polish has only one form of the reflexive pronoun – się. The pronoun się usually follows the verb.
Example
Myję się.– I’m washing myself.
Myjemy się.- We're washing ourselves.
Some verbs are reflexive in Polish but not in English.
Example
Uczę się na egzamin.– I’m learning for the exam.
Auxiliary Verbs
The English language frequently uses auxiliary verbs to express grammatical constructions.
Example
The verb to be in the sentence above has no direct meaning. It serves only as a grammatical construction. In Polish, auxiliary verbs are not used in Present Tense.
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Cases - Noun Declension
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