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Grammar

Terms Glossary

Cases (Przypadki)

Tenses (Czasy)

Verbs (Czasowniki)

Nouns (Rzeczowniki)

Adjectives (Przymiotniki)

Pronouns (Zaimki)

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Masculine Personal Plural Adjectives Declension

Masculine Personal Plural Adjectives are adjectives describing nouns, which are masculine in the singular number and describe a person.

Examples

Polish	English
szczęśliwi tatowie	happy fathers
wysocy listonosze	tall postmen
odważni policjanci	brave policemen
mądrzy nauczyciele	clever teachers
wysportowani sportowcy	athletic athletes
gadatliwi ogrodnicy	talkative gardeners

To decline masculine personal plural adjectives you have to use one of the groups of endings:

group I - use it for adjectives ending in -y in singular masculine Nominative Case
group II - use it for adjectives ending in -i in singular masculine Nominative Case

Here are all the endings:

	Masculine Plural Personal Adjectives Endings
	group I	group II
Nominative Case	`-'(y/i)`
Genitive Case	`-ych`	`-ich`
Dative Case	`-ym`	`-im`
Accusative Case	`=G`
Instrumental Case	`-ymi`	`-imi`
Locative Case	`=G`
Vocative Case	`=N`

Notes:

Right-hand endings are the same as left-hand endings, the only difference is additional -i- or -y exchanged to -i
Nominative Case and Vocative Case are the same
Genitive Case, Accusative Case, and Locative Case are the same
the ' sign in -'(y/i) ending means, that you have to soften the stem of the adjective if it ends with a hard consonant (more about it below)
Nominative Case and Vocative use the -'(y/i) ending. To use this ending you have to follow these steps:
- extract the stem of the adjective by removing -i or -y
- soften the stem
- then:
  - if the stem ends with i after softening - do nothing
  - if the stem ends with l after softening - append i
  - otherwise - append y

To learn more about the softening go to the article about nouns stem softening . The article presents the softening for nouns, but in this case, the softening of stems is almost the same for nouns and adjectives. The differences are:

instead of ch ➜ sz pair, we use ch ➜ si pair
sz is also softened: sz ➜ si
(we don't soften zn consonant, but it is a very rare stem ending, so you don't have to remember it)

The table below presents the softening pairs, which we will use for adjectives softening:

hard consonants

sł

zł

soft consonants

dzi

ści

ździ

śl

źl

śni

The table below presents how to create correct adjective forms for Nominative/Vocative Cases as they are the most difficult ones in this group. Analyze them carefully.

Examples

Masculine Singular Adjective	Stem	Softening	Nominative/Vocative Case Masculine Personal Plural Form
ślepy	`ślep-`	`p ➜ pi`	ślepi (stem ends with -i after the softening - do nothing)
gruby	`grub-`	`b ➜ bi`	grubi (stem ends with -i after the softening - do nothing)
stary	`star-`	`r ➜ rz`	starzy (stem ends with -rz after the softening - append -y)
młody	`młod-`	`d ➜ dzi`	młodzi (stem ends with -i after the softening - do nothing)
suchy	`such-`	`ch ➜ si`	susi (stem ends with -i after the softening - do nothing)
częsty	`częst-`	`st ➜ ści`	części (stem ends with -i after the softening - do nothing)
dorosły	`dorosł-`	`sł ➜ śl`	dorośli (stem ends with -l after the softening - append -i)
bezlitosny	`bezlitosn-`	`sn ➜ śni`	bezlitośni (stem ends with -i after the softening - do nothing)
miły	`mił-`	`ł ➜ l`	mili (stem ends with -l after the softening - append -i)
zły	`zł-`	`zł ➜ źl`	źli (stem ends with -l after the softening - append -i)
wielki	`wielk-`	`k ➜ c`	wielcy (stem ends with -c after the softening - append -y)
drogi	`drog-`	`g ➜ dz`	drodzy (stem ends with -dz after the softening - append -y)
tani	`tan-`	`n ➜ ni`	tani (stem ends with -i after the softening - do nothing)
kaczy	`kacz-`	`-` (-cz is already a soft consonant)	kaczy (stem ends with -cz after the softening - append -y)

And below some more examples for the entire declension.

Examples

zielony - green

Case	Adjective
Nominative Case	zieloni
Genitive Case	zielonych
Dative Case	zielonym
Accusative Case	zielonych
Instrumental Case	zielonymi
Locative Case	zielonych
Vocative Case	zieloni

oszczędny - economical

Case	Adjective
Nominative Case	oszczędni
Genitive Case	oszczędnych
Dative Case	oszczędnym
Accusative Case	oszczędnych
Instrumental Case	oszczędnymi
Locative Case	oszczędnych
Vocative Case	oszczędni

zdrowy - healthy

Case	Adjective
Nominative Case	zdrowi
Genitive Case	zdrowych
Dative Case	zdrowym
Accusative Case	zdrowych
Instrumental Case	zdrowymi
Locative Case	zdrowych
Vocative Case	zdrowi

wielki - big

Case	Adjective
Nominative Case	wielcy
Genitive Case	wielkich
Dative Case	wielkim
Accusative Case	wielkich
Instrumental Case	wielkimi
Locative Case	wielkich
Vocative Case	wielcy

drogi - expensive

Case	Adjective
Nominative Case	drodzy
Genitive Case	drogich
Dative Case	drogim
Accusative Case	drogich
Instrumental Case	drogimi
Locative Case	drogich
Vocative Case	drodzy

tani - cheap

Case	Adjective
Nominative Case	tani
Genitive Case	tanich
Dative Case	tanim
Accusative Case	tanich
Instrumental Case	tanimi
Locative Case	tanich
Vocative Case	tani

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Neuter Singular Adjectives Declension

Other Plural Adjectives Declension

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Cases - Noun Declension

If you would like to support my website and my Youtube Channel , you can buy my grammar book on Amazon. In that book I have clearly explained, how to create different forms of noun depending on the case, number, and gender.

After reading this book you will be able to decline any noun in the Polish language. This book also contains exercises with answers, which will help you practice what you learn.

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